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The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ((トルコ語:Osmanlı padişahları)), made up solely of the members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned from Hungary in the north to Somalia in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iran in the east. Administered at first from the city of Bursa, the empire's capital was moved to Edirne in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I, and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II.〔Stavrides 2001, p. 21〕 The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend; nevertheless, most modern scholars agree that the empire came into existence around 1299 and that its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I Khan (leader) of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks.〔Glazer 1996, "The Ottoman Empire"〕 The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the Central Powers with whom it had allied itself during World War I. The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923.〔Glazer 1996, "War of Independence"〕 ==State organisation of the Ottoman Empire== (詳細はabsolute monarchy during much of its existence. The sultan was at the apex of the hierarchical Ottoman system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles. He was theoretically responsible only to God and God's law (the Islamic ''şeriat'', known in Arabic as ''sharia''), of which he was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate was reflected in Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" ((アラビア語:ظل الله في العالم) ''zill Allah fi'l-alem'') and "caliph on the earth" ((ペルシア語:خلیفه روی زمین) ''khalife-i ru-yi zemin'').〔Findley 2005, p. 115〕 All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called ''firman'' (). He was the supreme military commander and had the official title to all land.〔 Ertoghrul served as the elected leader of the Ottomans from 1230 until his death in 1281. In 1281, Ertoghrul's son, Osman, became elected leader of the Ottomans. From 1299 until his death in 1326, Osman served as Osman I "Sultan of the Ottoman Empire." After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles Caesar ( ''Qayser'') of Rûm, and emperor,〔〔Toynbee 1974, pp. 22–23〕〔Stavrides 2001, p. 20〕 as well as the caliph of Islam. Following the conquest of Egypt in 1517, Selim I furthered strengthened the claim of caliphal authority. Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.〔Quataert 2005, p. 93〕 A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.〔d'Osman Han 2001, "Ottoman Padishah Succession"〕 Although theocratic and absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.〔Glazer 1996, "Ottoman Institutions"〕 From the 17th century onwards, the empire entered into a long-term period of stagnation, during which the sultans were much enfeebled. Many of them ended up being deposed by the powerful Janissary corps. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne,〔Quataert 2005, p. 90〕 women of the Imperial Harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the Valide Sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the Sultanate of Women. The declining powers of the sultans are evidenced by the difference in reign lengths between early sultans and later ones. Suleiman I, who ruled the empire when it was at its zenith in the 16th century, had a reign of 46 years, the longest in Ottoman history. Mehmed Murad V, who ruled in the late 19th-century period of decline, had the shortest reign on record: he was in power for just 93 days before being deposed. Constitutionalism was only established during the reign of Murad V's successor, Abdul Hamid II, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch.〔Glazer 1996, "External Threats and Internal Transformations"〕 Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the parliament and the constitution to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to reinstall constitutionalism and was deposed. Since 2009, the head of the House of Osman and pretender to the defunct Ottoman throne has been Bayezid Osman, a great-grandson of Abdülmecid I. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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